⚛️

Physics — JAMB Syllabus

Below are the topics and areas you are expected to study for Physics in the UTME examination. Questions will be drawn from these topics.

Topic 1: Measurements and Units

Length, Mass, Time and Fundamental Quantities

Topics / Contents

Length, area and volume: metre rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw-gauge, measuring cylinder
Mass: unit of mass, use of simple beam balance, concept of beam balance
Time: unit of time, time-measuring devices
Fundamental physical quantities
Derived physical quantities and their units; combinations of fundamental quantities
Dimensions: definition and simple examples
Limitations of experimental measurements: accuracy, simple estimation of errors, significant figures, standard form
Measurement, position, distance and displacement: concept of displacement, distinction between distance and displacement, concept of position and coordinates, frame of reference

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the units of length, area and volume; use different measuring instruments
j.Determine the lengths, surface areas and volume of regular and irregular bodies
k.Identify the unit of mass; use simple beam balance (e.g. Buchart's balance and chemical balance)
l.Identify the unit of time; use different time-measuring devices
m.Relate the fundamental physical quantities to their units; deduce the units of derived physical quantities
n.Determine the dimensions of physical quantities; use dimensions to determine units and test homogeneity of an equation
o.Determine the accuracy of measuring instruments; estimate simple errors; express measurements in standard form
p.Use strings, metre ruler, engineering calipers, vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge; note the degree of accuracy
q.Identify distance travelled in a specified direction; use compass and protractor to locate points/directions
r.Use Cartesian systems to locate positions in the x-y plane; plot graphs and draw inferences

Topic 2: Scalars and Vectors

Scalar and Vector Quantities

Topics / Contents

Definition of scalar and vector quantities
Examples of scalar and vector quantities
Relative velocity
Resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions including graphical methods of solution

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities; give examples of each
j.Determine the resultant of two or more vectors
k.Determine relative velocity
l.Resolve vectors into two perpendicular components
m.Use graphical methods to solve vector problems

Topic 3: Motion

Linear Motion, Projectiles and Newton's Laws

Topics / Contents

Types of motion: translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin and random
Relative motion; causes of motion
Types of force: contact and force field
Linear motion: speed, velocity and acceleration; equations of uniformly accelerated motion; motion under gravity; distance-time and velocity-time graphs; instantaneous velocity and acceleration
Projectiles: range, maximum height and time of flight; applications
Newton's laws of motion: inertia, mass and force; mass-acceleration relationship; impulse and momentum; force-time graph; conservation of linear momentum

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify different types of motion; solve numerical problems on collinear motion
j.Identify force as the cause of motion; identify push, pull, electric, magnetic and gravitational forces
k.Differentiate between speed, velocity and acceleration
l.Deduce equations of uniformly accelerated motion; solve problems of motion under gravity
m.Interpret distance-time and velocity-time graphs; compute instantaneous velocity and acceleration
n.Establish expressions for range, maximum height and time of flight of projectiles; solve projectile problems
o.Solve numerical problems involving impulse and momentum; interpret area under force-time graph
p.Interpret Newton's laws of motion; compare inertia, mass and force; deduce the mass-acceleration relationship
q.Interpret the law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications

Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)

Topics / Contents

Motion in a circle: angular velocity and angular acceleration; centripetal and centrifugal forces; applications
S.H.M: definition and explanation; examples of systems that execute S.H.M
Period, frequency and amplitude of S.H.M
Velocity and acceleration of S.H.M
Simple treatment of energy change in S.H.M
Forced vibration and resonance (simple treatment)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Establish expression for angular velocity, angular acceleration and centripetal force
j.Solve numerical problems involving motion in a circle
k.Establish the relationship between period and frequency
l.Analyse the energy changes occurring during S.H.M
m.Identify different types of forced vibration; enumerate applications of resonance

Topic 4: Gravitational Field

Gravitation, Weight and Orbital Motion

Topics / Contents

Newton's law of universal gravitation
Gravitational potential
Conservative and non-conservative fields
Acceleration due to gravity; variation of g on the earth's surface
Distinction between mass and weight; escape velocity
Parking orbit and weightlessness

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the expression for gravitational force between two bodies
j.Apply Newton's law of universal gravitation
k.Give examples of conservative and non-conservative fields
l.Deduce the expression for gravitational field potentials
m.Identify the causes of variation of g on the earth's surface
n.Differentiate between mass and weight; determine escape velocity

Topic 5: Equilibrium of Forces

Force Equilibrium, Moments and Stability

Topics / Contents

Equilibrium of particles: equilibrium of coplanar forces; triangle and polygon of forces; Lami's theorem
Principles of moments: moment of a force; moment of a couple (torque); applications
Conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under parallel and non-parallel forces
Resolution and composition of forces in two perpendicular directions; resultant and equilibrant
Centre of gravity and stability: stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the conditions for the equilibrium of coplanar forces to solve problems
j.Use triangle and polygon laws of forces; use Lami's theorem to solve problems
k.Analyse the principle of moment of a force; determine moment of a force and couple
l.Apply the conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies to solve problems
m.Resolve forces into two perpendicular directions; determine the resultant and equilibrant
n.Differentiate between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

Topic 6: Work, Energy and Power

Work, Energy, Power and Energy in Society

Topics / Contents

Definition of work, energy and power; forms of energy; conservation of energy
Qualitative treatment of transformation between different forms of energy
Interpretation of area under the force-distance curve
Sources of energy: renewable and non-renewable (e.g. coal, crude oil)
Energy and development; energy diversification
Environmental impact of energy: global warming, greenhouse effect and spillage; energy crises
Dams and energy production; nuclear energy
Solar energy: solar collector and solar panel

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between work, energy and power; compare different forms of energy
j.Apply the principle of conservation of energy; examine transformation between different forms
k.Interpret the area under the force-distance curve; solve numerical problems on work, energy and power
l.Itemize sources of energy; distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy
m.Identify methods of energy transition; explain the importance of energy in societal development
n.Analyse the effect of energy use on the environment; identify energy sources friendly or hazardous to the environment
o.Suggest ways of safe energy use; state different forms of energy conversion

Topic 7: Friction

Friction, Viscosity and Terminal Velocity

Topics / Contents

Static and dynamic friction
Coefficient of limiting friction and its determination
Advantages and disadvantages of friction; reduction of friction
Qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity
Stoke's law

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between static and dynamic friction
j.Determine the coefficient of limiting friction
k.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of friction; suggest ways friction can be reduced
l.Analyse factors that affect viscosity and terminal velocity
m.Apply Stoke's law

Topic 8: Simple Machines

Types and Efficiency of Simple Machines

Topics / Contents

Definition of simple machines
Types of machines
Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify different types of simple machines
j.Solve problems involving simple machines

Topic 9: Elasticity

Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus and Elastic Strings

Topics / Contents

Elastic limit, yield point, breaking point, Hooke's law and Young's modulus
The spring balance as a device for measuring force
Work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret force-extension curves
j.Interpret Hooke's law and Young's modulus of a material
k.Use spring balance to measure force
l.Determine the work done in springs and elastic strings

Topic 10: Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure and Pressure in Liquids

Topics / Contents

Atmospheric pressure: definition, SI units (Pa), measurement; simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometer
Variation of pressure with height; use of barometer as an altimeter
Pressure in liquids: relationship between pressure, depth and density (P = ρgh)
Transmission of pressure in liquids (Pascal's Principle) and applications

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Recognize the SI units of pressure (Pa); identify pressure measuring instruments
j.Relate the variation of pressure to height; use a barometer as an altimeter
k.Determine the relationship between pressure, depth and density
l.Apply the principle of transmission of pressure in liquids to solve problems

Topic 11: Liquids at Rest

Density, Archimedes' Principle and Floatation

Topics / Contents

Determination of density of solids and liquids
Definition of relative density
Upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
Archimedes' principle and law of floatation; applications (ships and hydrometers)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between density and relative density of substances
j.Determine the upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
k.Apply Archimedes' principle and law of floatation to solve problems

Topic 12: Temperature and Its Measurement

Thermometry and Temperature Scales

Topics / Contents

Concept of temperature; thermometric properties
Calibration of thermometers
Temperature scales: Celsius and Kelvin
Types of thermometers
Conversion from one scale of temperature to another

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify thermometric properties of materials used for different thermometers
j.Calibrate thermometers
k.Differentiate between temperature scales (Celsius and Kelvin)
l.Compare the types of thermometers
m.Convert from one scale of temperature to another

Topic 13: Thermal Expansion

Expansion of Solids and Liquids

Topics / Contents

Solids: linear, volume and area expansivities; effects and applications (expansion in building strips, railway lines); relationship between different expansivities
Liquids: volume expansivity; real and apparent expansivities; determination of volume expansivity
Anomalous expansion of water

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine linear and volume expansivities; assess the effects and applications of thermal expansivities
j.Determine the relationship between different expansivities
k.Determine volume, apparent and real expansivities of liquids
l.Analyse the anomalous expansion of water

Topic 14: Gas Laws

Gas Laws and the Ideal Gas Equation

Topics / Contents

Boyle's law (isothermal process)
Charles' law (isobaric process)
Pressure law (volumetric process)
Absolute zero of temperature
General gas equation (PV/T = constant)
Ideal gas equation (PV = nRT)
Van der Waals gas

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the gas laws
j.Use expressions of these laws to solve numerical problems
k.Interpret the Van der Waals equation for one mole of a real gas

Topic 15: Quantity of Heat

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity

Topics / Contents

Heat as a form of energy
Definition of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
Determination by method of mixtures, electrical method and Newton's law of cooling

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity
j.Determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity using simple methods
k.Solve numerical problems

Topic 16: Change of State

Latent Heat, Melting, Evaporation and Boiling

Topics / Contents

Latent heat; specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
Melting, evaporation and boiling
Influence of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
Application in appliances

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between latent heat and specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
j.Differentiate between melting, evaporation and boiling
k.Examine the effects of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
l.Solve numerical problems

Topic 17: Vapours

Saturated Vapour Pressure, Humidity and Hygrometry

Topics / Contents

Unsaturated and saturated vapours
Relationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) and boiling
Determination of S.V.P by barometer tube method
Formation of dew, mist, fog and rain
Dew point, humidity and relative humidity
Hygrometry: estimation of atmospheric humidity using wet and dry bulb hygrometers

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated vapours
j.Relate saturated vapour pressure to boiling point
k.Determine S.V.P by barometer tube method
l.Differentiate between dew point, humidity and relative humidity
m.Estimate the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers
n.Solve numerical problems

Topic 18: Structure of Matter and Kinetic Theory

Molecular Theory and Kinetic Theory

Topics / Contents

Atoms and molecules; molecular theory: Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angles of contact
Examples and applications of molecular theory
Assumptions of the kinetic theory
Using kinetic theory to explain pressure exerted by gas, Boyle's law, Charles' law, melting, boiling, vaporization, change in temperature and evaporation

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between atoms and molecules
j.Use molecular theory to explain Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angle of contact
k.Examine the assumptions of kinetic theory
l.Interpret kinetic theory: pressure exerted by gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, melting, boiling, vaporization, change in temperature and evaporation

Topic 19: Heat Transfer

Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Engines

Topics / Contents

Conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer
Temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
Effect of the nature of the surface on energy radiated and absorbed
Conductivities of common materials
The thermos flask; land and sea breeze
Engines (internal combustion, jet engines, rockets)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer
j.Solve problems on temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
k.Assess the effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed
l.Compare the conductivities of common materials
m.Relate the component parts and working of the thermos flask
n.Differentiate between land and sea breeze
o.Analyse the principles of operating internal combustion engines, jet engines and rockets

Topic 20: Waves

Production, Propagation and Classification of Waves

Topics / Contents

Wave motion; vibrating systems as sources of waves; waves as mode of energy transfer
Distinction between particle motion and wave motion
Relationship between frequency, wavelength and wave velocity (V = fλ)
Phase difference, wave number and wave vector
Progressive wave equation: Y = A sin 2π/λ(vt ± x)
Types of waves: mechanical, electromagnetic; longitudinal and transverse; stationary and progressive
Examples from springs, ropes, stretched strings and ripple tank

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret wave motion; identify vibrating systems as sources of waves
j.Use waves as a mode of energy transfer; distinguish between particle motion and wave motion
k.Relate frequency and wavelength to wave velocity
l.Determine phase difference, wave number and wave vector
m.Use the progressive wave equation to compute basic wave parameters
n.Differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
o.Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves; distinguish between stationary and progressive waves

Wave Characteristics: Reflection, Interference, Beats and Doppler Effect

Topics / Contents

Reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization
Superposition of waves, e.g. interference
Beats (beat frequency and uses)
Doppler effect (qualitative treatment only)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization of waves
j.Analyse the principle of superposition of waves
k.Solve numerical problems on waves
l.Explain the phenomenon of beats, beat frequency and their uses
m.Explain the Doppler effect of sound and applications

Topic 21: Propagation of Sound Waves

Sound Propagation, Speed and Echoes

Topics / Contents

The necessity for a material medium
Speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
Reflection of sound: echoes, reverberation and their applications
Disadvantages of echoes and reverberations

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine the need for a material medium in the propagation of sound waves
j.Compare the speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
k.Relate the effects of temperature and pressure to the speed of sound in air
l.Solve problems on echoes, reverberation and speed of sound
m.Compare the disadvantages and advantages of echoes

Topic 22: Characteristics of Sound Waves

Sound Quality, Pitch, Resonance and Musical Instruments

Topics / Contents

Noise and musical notes
Quality, pitch, intensity and loudness; application to musical instruments
Overtones produced by vibrating strings and air columns
Acoustic examples of resonance
Frequency of notes emitted by air columns in closed and open pipes

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between noise and musical notes
j.Analyse quality, pitch, intensity and loudness of sound notes
k.Evaluate the application of sound characteristics in the construction of musical instruments
l.Identify overtones by vibrating strings and air columns
m.Itemize acoustical examples of resonance
n.Determine the frequencies of notes emitted by air columns in open and closed pipes

Topic 23: Light Energy

Sources of Light and Propagation

Topics / Contents

Natural and artificial sources of light; luminous and non-luminous objects
Speed, frequency and wavelength of light
Formation of shadows and eclipse
The pin-hole camera

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Compare the natural and artificial sources of light
j.Differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects
k.Relate the speed, frequency and wavelength of light
l.Interpret the formation of shadows and eclipses
m.Solve problems using the principle of operation of a pin-hole camera

Topic 24: Reflection of Light at Plane and Curved Surfaces

Reflection, Mirrors and Magnification

Topics / Contents

Laws of reflection; applications of reflection of light
Formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors; ray diagrams
Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
Linear magnification
Applications: periscope, kaleidoscope and sextant

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of reflection
j.Illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors
k.Apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems
l.Determine the linear magnification
m.Apply the laws of reflection of light to the working of periscope, kaleidoscope and the sextant

Topic 25: Refraction of Light Through Plane and Curved Surfaces

Refraction, Total Internal Reflection and Lenses

Topics / Contents

Explanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the media; laws of refraction
Definition and determination of refractive index (Snell's law)
Real and apparent depth; lateral displacement
Critical angle and total internal reflection
Glass prism: minimum deviation formula; types of lenses
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v and Newton's formula (F² = ab)
Magnification; applications: periscope, prism binoculars, optical fibre, mirage

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of refraction
j.Determine the refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell's law
k.Determine the refractive index using the principle of real and apparent depth
l.Determine the conditions necessary for total internal reflection
m.Examine the use of periscope, prism binoculars, optical fibre; apply principles of total internal reflection to mirage
n.Use lens formula and ray diagrams to solve optical numerical problems
o.Determine the magnification of an image
p.Calculate the refractive index of a glass prism using the minimum deviation formula

Topic 26: Optical Instruments

Microscopes, Telescopes, Cameras and the Eye

Topics / Contents

Principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye
Power of a lens; angular magnification
Near and far points
Sight defects and their corrections

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the principles of operation of optical instruments to solve problems
j.Distinguish between the human eye and cameras
k.Calculate the power of a lens; evaluate angular magnification of optical instruments
l.Determine the near and far points
m.Detect sight defects and their corrections

Topic 27: Dispersion of Light, Colours and Electromagnetic Spectrum

Dispersion, Colour Mixing and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Topics / Contents

Dispersion of white light by a triangular prism; production of pure spectrum
Colour mixing by addition and subtraction
Colour of objects and colour filters
Rainbow
Electromagnetic spectrum: sources and uses of various types of radiation

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify primary colours and obtain secondary colours by mixing
j.Understand the formation of rainbow; deduce why objects have colours
k.Analyse colours using colour filters
l.Analyse the electromagnetic spectrum in relation to wavelengths, sources, detection and uses

Topic 28: Electrostatics

Electric Charges, Coulomb's Law and Electric Fields

Topics / Contents

Existence of positive and negative charges in matter
Charging a body by friction, contact and induction
Electroscope
Coulomb's inverse square law; electric field and potential
Electric field intensity and potential difference
Electric discharge and lightning

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify charges; examine uses of an electroscope
j.Apply Coulomb's square law of electrostatics to solve problems
k.Deduce expressions for electric field intensity and potential difference
l.Identify electric field flux patterns of isolated and interacting charges
m.Analyse the distribution of charges on a conductor and how it is used in lightning conductors

Topic 29: Capacitors

Capacitance, Parallel Plate Capacitors and Energy Storage

Topics / Contents

Types and functions of capacitors
Parallel plate capacitors; capacitance of a capacitor
Relationship between capacitance, area, separation of plates and medium (C = εA/d)
Capacitors in series and parallel
Energy stored in a capacitor

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine uses of capacitors; analyse parallel plate capacitors
j.Determine the capacitance of a capacitor
k.Analyse the factors that affect the capacitance of a capacitor
l.Solve problems involving the arrangement of capacitors
m.Determine the energy stored in capacitors

Topic 30: Electric Cells

Types of Cells, Batteries and Efficiency

Topics / Contents

Simple voltaic cell and its defects; Daniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry)
Lead-acid accumulator; Nickel-Iron (Nife), Lithium-iron and Mercury-cadmium cells
Maintenance of cells and batteries
Arrangement of cells; efficiency of a cell

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the defects of the simple voltaic cell and their correction
j.Compare different types of cells including solar cell
k.Compare the advantages of lead-acid and Nickel-iron accumulator
l.Solve problems involving series and parallel combination of cells

Topic 31: Current Electricity

EMF, Ohm's Law, Resistance and Potentiometer

Topics / Contents

EMF, potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost volt
Ohm's law; measurement of resistance; metre bridge
Resistance in series and in parallel and their combinations
The potentiometer method of measuring EMF, current and internal resistance
Electrical networks (Kirchhoff's laws)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between EMF, p.d., current and internal resistance of a cell
j.Apply Ohm's law to solve problems; use metre bridge to calculate resistance
k.Compute effective total resistance in both parallel and series arrangements of resistors
l.Determine the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor
m.Measure EMF, current and internal resistance using the potentiometer; identify its advantages
n.Apply Kirchhoff's law in electrical networks

Topic 32: Electrical Energy and Power

Electrical Power, Transmission, Heating Effects and Wiring

Topics / Contents

Concepts of electrical energy and power; commercial units
Electric power transmission
Heating effects of electric current
Electrical wiring of houses; use of fuses

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the expressions of electrical energy and power to solve problems
j.Analyse how power is transmitted from the power station to the consumer
k.Identify the heating effects of current and its uses
l.Identify the advantages of parallel arrangement over series
m.Determine the fuse rating

Topic 33: Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Magnets, Magnetic Fields and Earth's Magnetism

Topics / Contents

Natural and artificial magnets; magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
Methods of making and demagnetizing magnets
Concept of magnetic field; magnetic field of a permanent magnet
Magnetic field round a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid
Properties of the earth's magnetic field: north and south poles, magnetic meridian, angle of dip and declination
Flux and flux density; variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth's surface
Applications: earth's magnetic field in navigation and mineral exploration

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Give examples of natural and artificial magnets; differentiate between magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
j.Identify the various methods of making and demagnetizing magnets; describe how to keep a magnet from losing its magnetism
k.Determine the flux pattern when two magnets are placed together pole to pole
l.Determine the flux of a current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid including the polarity of the solenoid
m.Determine the flux pattern of a magnet placed in the earth's magnetic field
n.Identify the magnetic elements of the earth's flux; determine the variation of earth's magnetic field
o.Examine the applications of the earth's magnetic field

Topic 34: Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Magnetic Force, DC Motor, Galvanometer and Instruments

Topics / Contents

Quantitative treatment of force between two parallel current-carrying conductors
Force on a charge moving in a magnetic field
The DC motor; electromagnets; carbon microphone
Moving coil and moving iron instruments
Conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeters using shunts and multipliers
Sensitivity of a galvanometer

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine the direction of force on a current carrying conductor using Fleming's left-hand rule
j.Interpret the attractive and repulsive forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors
k.Determine the relationship between force, magnetic field strength, velocity and the angle through which the charge enters the field
l.Interpret the working of the DC motor; analyse the principle of electromagnets and give examples
m.Compare moving iron and moving coil instruments
n.Convert a galvanometer into an ammeter or a voltmeter
o.Identify the factors affecting the sensitivity of a galvanometer

Topic 35: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Laws, Generators, Transformers and Inductance

Topics / Contents

Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction; factors affecting induced EMF
Lenz's law as an illustration of the principle of conservation of energy
AC and DC generators; transformers; the induction coil
Inductance: explanation, unit, energy stored in an inductor (E = ½I²L), applications
Eddy current: reduction and applications

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of electromagnetic induction; identify factors affecting induced EMF
j.Recognize how Lenz's law illustrates the principle of conservation of energy
k.Interpret the diagrammatic set-up of AC generators; identify types of transformers and their principles
l.Assess the functions of an induction coil
m.Interpret the inductance of an inductor; recognize units of inductance
n.Calculate the effective total inductance in series and parallel arrangement
o.Deduce the expression for the energy stored in an inductor; examine applications of inductors
p.Describe methods by which eddy current losses can be reduced; determine ways eddy currents can be used

Topic 36: Simple AC Circuits

AC Voltage, Reactance, Impedance and Resonance

Topics / Contents

AC current and voltage; peak and r.m.s. values
AC source connected to a resistor, capacitor (capacitive reactance), inductor (inductive reactance)
Series R-L-C circuits; vector diagram, phase angle and power factor
Resistance and impedance; effective voltage in an R-L-C circuit
Resonance and resonance frequency (F₀ = 1/2π√LC)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify AC current and DC voltage; differentiate between peak and r.m.s. values
j.Determine the phase difference between current and voltage
k.Interpret series R-L-C circuits; analyse vector diagrams
l.Calculate the effective voltage, reactance and impedance
m.Recognize the condition by which the circuit is at resonance; determine the resonant frequency
n.Determine the instantaneous power, average power and the power factor in AC circuits

Topic 37: Conduction of Electricity Through Liquids and Gases

Electrolysis and Conduction Through Gases

Topics / Contents

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; concept of electrolysis
Faraday's laws of electrolysis; applications (electroplating, calibration of ammeter)
Discharge through gases (qualitative treatment only)
Applications of conduction of electricity through gases

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
j.Analyse the processes of electrolysis; apply Faraday's laws of electrolysis to solve problems
k.Analyse discharge through gases
l.Determine some applications/uses of conduction of electricity through gases

Topic 38: Elementary Modern Physics

Atomic Models, Photoelectric Effect, Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

Topics / Contents

Models of the atom and their limitations; elementary structure of the atom
Energy levels and spectra
Thermionic and photoelectric emissions; Einstein's equation and stopping potential
Applications of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects
Simple method of production of X-rays
Properties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rays
Half-life and decay constant
Simple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fission
Binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation (ΔE = ΔMC²)
Wave-particle paradox (duality of matter); electron diffraction; the uncertainty principle

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the models of the atom and write their limitations; describe elementary structure of the atom
j.Differentiate between the energy levels and spectra of atoms
k.Compare thermionic emission and photoelectric emission; apply Einstein's equation to solve problems
l.Calculate the stopping potential; relate applications of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects
m.Interpret the process involved in the production of X-rays; identify some properties and applications of X-rays
n.Analyse elementary radioactivity; distinguish between stable and unstable nuclei; identify isotopes
o.Compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays
p.Relate half-life and decay constant of a radioactive element
q.Determine the binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation
r.Analyse wave-particle duality; solve numerical problems based on the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality

Topic 39: Introductory Electronics

Semiconductors, Diodes and Transistors

Topics / Contents

Distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary knowledge of band gap required)
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
n-type and p-type semiconductors
Elementary knowledge of diodes and transistors
Uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification; transistors in amplification

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between conductors, semiconductors and insulators
j.Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
k.Distinguish between electron and hole carriers
l.Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors
m.Analyse diodes and transistors; relate diodes to rectification and transistors to amplification

⚛️

Physics — JAMB Syllabus

Below are the topics and areas you are expected to study for Physics in the UTME examination. Questions will be drawn from these topics.

Topic 1: Measurements and Units

Length, Mass, Time and Fundamental Quantities

Topics / Contents

Length, area and volume: metre rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw-gauge, measuring cylinder
Mass: unit of mass, use of simple beam balance, concept of beam balance
Time: unit of time, time-measuring devices
Fundamental physical quantities
Derived physical quantities and their units; combinations of fundamental quantities
Dimensions: definition and simple examples
Limitations of experimental measurements: accuracy, simple estimation of errors, significant figures, standard form
Measurement, position, distance and displacement: concept of displacement, distinction between distance and displacement, concept of position and coordinates, frame of reference

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the units of length, area and volume; use different measuring instruments
j.Determine the lengths, surface areas and volume of regular and irregular bodies
k.Identify the unit of mass; use simple beam balance (e.g. Buchart's balance and chemical balance)
l.Identify the unit of time; use different time-measuring devices
m.Relate the fundamental physical quantities to their units; deduce the units of derived physical quantities
n.Determine the dimensions of physical quantities; use dimensions to determine units and test homogeneity of an equation
o.Determine the accuracy of measuring instruments; estimate simple errors; express measurements in standard form
p.Use strings, metre ruler, engineering calipers, vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge; note the degree of accuracy
q.Identify distance travelled in a specified direction; use compass and protractor to locate points/directions
r.Use Cartesian systems to locate positions in the x-y plane; plot graphs and draw inferences

Topic 2: Scalars and Vectors

Scalar and Vector Quantities

Topics / Contents

Definition of scalar and vector quantities
Examples of scalar and vector quantities
Relative velocity
Resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions including graphical methods of solution

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities; give examples of each
j.Determine the resultant of two or more vectors
k.Determine relative velocity
l.Resolve vectors into two perpendicular components
m.Use graphical methods to solve vector problems

Topic 3: Motion

Linear Motion, Projectiles and Newton's Laws

Topics / Contents

Types of motion: translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin and random
Relative motion; causes of motion
Types of force: contact and force field
Linear motion: speed, velocity and acceleration; equations of uniformly accelerated motion; motion under gravity; distance-time and velocity-time graphs; instantaneous velocity and acceleration
Projectiles: range, maximum height and time of flight; applications
Newton's laws of motion: inertia, mass and force; mass-acceleration relationship; impulse and momentum; force-time graph; conservation of linear momentum

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify different types of motion; solve numerical problems on collinear motion
j.Identify force as the cause of motion; identify push, pull, electric, magnetic and gravitational forces
k.Differentiate between speed, velocity and acceleration
l.Deduce equations of uniformly accelerated motion; solve problems of motion under gravity
m.Interpret distance-time and velocity-time graphs; compute instantaneous velocity and acceleration
n.Establish expressions for range, maximum height and time of flight of projectiles; solve projectile problems
o.Solve numerical problems involving impulse and momentum; interpret area under force-time graph
p.Interpret Newton's laws of motion; compare inertia, mass and force; deduce the mass-acceleration relationship
q.Interpret the law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications

Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)

Topics / Contents

Motion in a circle: angular velocity and angular acceleration; centripetal and centrifugal forces; applications
S.H.M: definition and explanation; examples of systems that execute S.H.M
Period, frequency and amplitude of S.H.M
Velocity and acceleration of S.H.M
Simple treatment of energy change in S.H.M
Forced vibration and resonance (simple treatment)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Establish expression for angular velocity, angular acceleration and centripetal force
j.Solve numerical problems involving motion in a circle
k.Establish the relationship between period and frequency
l.Analyse the energy changes occurring during S.H.M
m.Identify different types of forced vibration; enumerate applications of resonance

Topic 4: Gravitational Field

Gravitation, Weight and Orbital Motion

Topics / Contents

Newton's law of universal gravitation
Gravitational potential
Conservative and non-conservative fields
Acceleration due to gravity; variation of g on the earth's surface
Distinction between mass and weight; escape velocity
Parking orbit and weightlessness

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the expression for gravitational force between two bodies
j.Apply Newton's law of universal gravitation
k.Give examples of conservative and non-conservative fields
l.Deduce the expression for gravitational field potentials
m.Identify the causes of variation of g on the earth's surface
n.Differentiate between mass and weight; determine escape velocity

Topic 5: Equilibrium of Forces

Force Equilibrium, Moments and Stability

Topics / Contents

Equilibrium of particles: equilibrium of coplanar forces; triangle and polygon of forces; Lami's theorem
Principles of moments: moment of a force; moment of a couple (torque); applications
Conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under parallel and non-parallel forces
Resolution and composition of forces in two perpendicular directions; resultant and equilibrant
Centre of gravity and stability: stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the conditions for the equilibrium of coplanar forces to solve problems
j.Use triangle and polygon laws of forces; use Lami's theorem to solve problems
k.Analyse the principle of moment of a force; determine moment of a force and couple
l.Apply the conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies to solve problems
m.Resolve forces into two perpendicular directions; determine the resultant and equilibrant
n.Differentiate between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

Topic 6: Work, Energy and Power

Work, Energy, Power and Energy in Society

Topics / Contents

Definition of work, energy and power; forms of energy; conservation of energy
Qualitative treatment of transformation between different forms of energy
Interpretation of area under the force-distance curve
Sources of energy: renewable and non-renewable (e.g. coal, crude oil)
Energy and development; energy diversification
Environmental impact of energy: global warming, greenhouse effect and spillage; energy crises
Dams and energy production; nuclear energy
Solar energy: solar collector and solar panel

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between work, energy and power; compare different forms of energy
j.Apply the principle of conservation of energy; examine transformation between different forms
k.Interpret the area under the force-distance curve; solve numerical problems on work, energy and power
l.Itemize sources of energy; distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy
m.Identify methods of energy transition; explain the importance of energy in societal development
n.Analyse the effect of energy use on the environment; identify energy sources friendly or hazardous to the environment
o.Suggest ways of safe energy use; state different forms of energy conversion

Topic 7: Friction

Friction, Viscosity and Terminal Velocity

Topics / Contents

Static and dynamic friction
Coefficient of limiting friction and its determination
Advantages and disadvantages of friction; reduction of friction
Qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity
Stoke's law

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between static and dynamic friction
j.Determine the coefficient of limiting friction
k.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of friction; suggest ways friction can be reduced
l.Analyse factors that affect viscosity and terminal velocity
m.Apply Stoke's law

Topic 8: Simple Machines

Types and Efficiency of Simple Machines

Topics / Contents

Definition of simple machines
Types of machines
Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify different types of simple machines
j.Solve problems involving simple machines

Topic 9: Elasticity

Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus and Elastic Strings

Topics / Contents

Elastic limit, yield point, breaking point, Hooke's law and Young's modulus
The spring balance as a device for measuring force
Work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret force-extension curves
j.Interpret Hooke's law and Young's modulus of a material
k.Use spring balance to measure force
l.Determine the work done in springs and elastic strings

Topic 10: Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure and Pressure in Liquids

Topics / Contents

Atmospheric pressure: definition, SI units (Pa), measurement; simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometer
Variation of pressure with height; use of barometer as an altimeter
Pressure in liquids: relationship between pressure, depth and density (P = ρgh)
Transmission of pressure in liquids (Pascal's Principle) and applications

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Recognize the SI units of pressure (Pa); identify pressure measuring instruments
j.Relate the variation of pressure to height; use a barometer as an altimeter
k.Determine the relationship between pressure, depth and density
l.Apply the principle of transmission of pressure in liquids to solve problems

Topic 11: Liquids at Rest

Density, Archimedes' Principle and Floatation

Topics / Contents

Determination of density of solids and liquids
Definition of relative density
Upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
Archimedes' principle and law of floatation; applications (ships and hydrometers)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between density and relative density of substances
j.Determine the upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
k.Apply Archimedes' principle and law of floatation to solve problems

Topic 12: Temperature and Its Measurement

Thermometry and Temperature Scales

Topics / Contents

Concept of temperature; thermometric properties
Calibration of thermometers
Temperature scales: Celsius and Kelvin
Types of thermometers
Conversion from one scale of temperature to another

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify thermometric properties of materials used for different thermometers
j.Calibrate thermometers
k.Differentiate between temperature scales (Celsius and Kelvin)
l.Compare the types of thermometers
m.Convert from one scale of temperature to another

Topic 13: Thermal Expansion

Expansion of Solids and Liquids

Topics / Contents

Solids: linear, volume and area expansivities; effects and applications (expansion in building strips, railway lines); relationship between different expansivities
Liquids: volume expansivity; real and apparent expansivities; determination of volume expansivity
Anomalous expansion of water

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine linear and volume expansivities; assess the effects and applications of thermal expansivities
j.Determine the relationship between different expansivities
k.Determine volume, apparent and real expansivities of liquids
l.Analyse the anomalous expansion of water

Topic 14: Gas Laws

Gas Laws and the Ideal Gas Equation

Topics / Contents

Boyle's law (isothermal process)
Charles' law (isobaric process)
Pressure law (volumetric process)
Absolute zero of temperature
General gas equation (PV/T = constant)
Ideal gas equation (PV = nRT)
Van der Waals gas

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the gas laws
j.Use expressions of these laws to solve numerical problems
k.Interpret the Van der Waals equation for one mole of a real gas

Topic 15: Quantity of Heat

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity

Topics / Contents

Heat as a form of energy
Definition of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
Determination by method of mixtures, electrical method and Newton's law of cooling

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity
j.Determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity using simple methods
k.Solve numerical problems

Topic 16: Change of State

Latent Heat, Melting, Evaporation and Boiling

Topics / Contents

Latent heat; specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
Melting, evaporation and boiling
Influence of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
Application in appliances

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between latent heat and specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
j.Differentiate between melting, evaporation and boiling
k.Examine the effects of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
l.Solve numerical problems

Topic 17: Vapours

Saturated Vapour Pressure, Humidity and Hygrometry

Topics / Contents

Unsaturated and saturated vapours
Relationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) and boiling
Determination of S.V.P by barometer tube method
Formation of dew, mist, fog and rain
Dew point, humidity and relative humidity
Hygrometry: estimation of atmospheric humidity using wet and dry bulb hygrometers

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated vapours
j.Relate saturated vapour pressure to boiling point
k.Determine S.V.P by barometer tube method
l.Differentiate between dew point, humidity and relative humidity
m.Estimate the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers
n.Solve numerical problems

Topic 18: Structure of Matter and Kinetic Theory

Molecular Theory and Kinetic Theory

Topics / Contents

Atoms and molecules; molecular theory: Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angles of contact
Examples and applications of molecular theory
Assumptions of the kinetic theory
Using kinetic theory to explain pressure exerted by gas, Boyle's law, Charles' law, melting, boiling, vaporization, change in temperature and evaporation

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between atoms and molecules
j.Use molecular theory to explain Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angle of contact
k.Examine the assumptions of kinetic theory
l.Interpret kinetic theory: pressure exerted by gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, melting, boiling, vaporization, change in temperature and evaporation

Topic 19: Heat Transfer

Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Engines

Topics / Contents

Conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer
Temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
Effect of the nature of the surface on energy radiated and absorbed
Conductivities of common materials
The thermos flask; land and sea breeze
Engines (internal combustion, jet engines, rockets)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer
j.Solve problems on temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
k.Assess the effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed
l.Compare the conductivities of common materials
m.Relate the component parts and working of the thermos flask
n.Differentiate between land and sea breeze
o.Analyse the principles of operating internal combustion engines, jet engines and rockets

Topic 20: Waves

Production, Propagation and Classification of Waves

Topics / Contents

Wave motion; vibrating systems as sources of waves; waves as mode of energy transfer
Distinction between particle motion and wave motion
Relationship between frequency, wavelength and wave velocity (V = fλ)
Phase difference, wave number and wave vector
Progressive wave equation: Y = A sin 2π/λ(vt ± x)
Types of waves: mechanical, electromagnetic; longitudinal and transverse; stationary and progressive
Examples from springs, ropes, stretched strings and ripple tank

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret wave motion; identify vibrating systems as sources of waves
j.Use waves as a mode of energy transfer; distinguish between particle motion and wave motion
k.Relate frequency and wavelength to wave velocity
l.Determine phase difference, wave number and wave vector
m.Use the progressive wave equation to compute basic wave parameters
n.Differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
o.Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves; distinguish between stationary and progressive waves

Wave Characteristics: Reflection, Interference, Beats and Doppler Effect

Topics / Contents

Reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization
Superposition of waves, e.g. interference
Beats (beat frequency and uses)
Doppler effect (qualitative treatment only)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization of waves
j.Analyse the principle of superposition of waves
k.Solve numerical problems on waves
l.Explain the phenomenon of beats, beat frequency and their uses
m.Explain the Doppler effect of sound and applications

Topic 21: Propagation of Sound Waves

Sound Propagation, Speed and Echoes

Topics / Contents

The necessity for a material medium
Speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
Reflection of sound: echoes, reverberation and their applications
Disadvantages of echoes and reverberations

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine the need for a material medium in the propagation of sound waves
j.Compare the speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
k.Relate the effects of temperature and pressure to the speed of sound in air
l.Solve problems on echoes, reverberation and speed of sound
m.Compare the disadvantages and advantages of echoes

Topic 22: Characteristics of Sound Waves

Sound Quality, Pitch, Resonance and Musical Instruments

Topics / Contents

Noise and musical notes
Quality, pitch, intensity and loudness; application to musical instruments
Overtones produced by vibrating strings and air columns
Acoustic examples of resonance
Frequency of notes emitted by air columns in closed and open pipes

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between noise and musical notes
j.Analyse quality, pitch, intensity and loudness of sound notes
k.Evaluate the application of sound characteristics in the construction of musical instruments
l.Identify overtones by vibrating strings and air columns
m.Itemize acoustical examples of resonance
n.Determine the frequencies of notes emitted by air columns in open and closed pipes

Topic 23: Light Energy

Sources of Light and Propagation

Topics / Contents

Natural and artificial sources of light; luminous and non-luminous objects
Speed, frequency and wavelength of light
Formation of shadows and eclipse
The pin-hole camera

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Compare the natural and artificial sources of light
j.Differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects
k.Relate the speed, frequency and wavelength of light
l.Interpret the formation of shadows and eclipses
m.Solve problems using the principle of operation of a pin-hole camera

Topic 24: Reflection of Light at Plane and Curved Surfaces

Reflection, Mirrors and Magnification

Topics / Contents

Laws of reflection; applications of reflection of light
Formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors; ray diagrams
Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
Linear magnification
Applications: periscope, kaleidoscope and sextant

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of reflection
j.Illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors
k.Apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems
l.Determine the linear magnification
m.Apply the laws of reflection of light to the working of periscope, kaleidoscope and the sextant

Topic 25: Refraction of Light Through Plane and Curved Surfaces

Refraction, Total Internal Reflection and Lenses

Topics / Contents

Explanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the media; laws of refraction
Definition and determination of refractive index (Snell's law)
Real and apparent depth; lateral displacement
Critical angle and total internal reflection
Glass prism: minimum deviation formula; types of lenses
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v and Newton's formula (F² = ab)
Magnification; applications: periscope, prism binoculars, optical fibre, mirage

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of refraction
j.Determine the refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell's law
k.Determine the refractive index using the principle of real and apparent depth
l.Determine the conditions necessary for total internal reflection
m.Examine the use of periscope, prism binoculars, optical fibre; apply principles of total internal reflection to mirage
n.Use lens formula and ray diagrams to solve optical numerical problems
o.Determine the magnification of an image
p.Calculate the refractive index of a glass prism using the minimum deviation formula

Topic 26: Optical Instruments

Microscopes, Telescopes, Cameras and the Eye

Topics / Contents

Principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye
Power of a lens; angular magnification
Near and far points
Sight defects and their corrections

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the principles of operation of optical instruments to solve problems
j.Distinguish between the human eye and cameras
k.Calculate the power of a lens; evaluate angular magnification of optical instruments
l.Determine the near and far points
m.Detect sight defects and their corrections

Topic 27: Dispersion of Light, Colours and Electromagnetic Spectrum

Dispersion, Colour Mixing and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Topics / Contents

Dispersion of white light by a triangular prism; production of pure spectrum
Colour mixing by addition and subtraction
Colour of objects and colour filters
Rainbow
Electromagnetic spectrum: sources and uses of various types of radiation

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify primary colours and obtain secondary colours by mixing
j.Understand the formation of rainbow; deduce why objects have colours
k.Analyse colours using colour filters
l.Analyse the electromagnetic spectrum in relation to wavelengths, sources, detection and uses

Topic 28: Electrostatics

Electric Charges, Coulomb's Law and Electric Fields

Topics / Contents

Existence of positive and negative charges in matter
Charging a body by friction, contact and induction
Electroscope
Coulomb's inverse square law; electric field and potential
Electric field intensity and potential difference
Electric discharge and lightning

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify charges; examine uses of an electroscope
j.Apply Coulomb's square law of electrostatics to solve problems
k.Deduce expressions for electric field intensity and potential difference
l.Identify electric field flux patterns of isolated and interacting charges
m.Analyse the distribution of charges on a conductor and how it is used in lightning conductors

Topic 29: Capacitors

Capacitance, Parallel Plate Capacitors and Energy Storage

Topics / Contents

Types and functions of capacitors
Parallel plate capacitors; capacitance of a capacitor
Relationship between capacitance, area, separation of plates and medium (C = εA/d)
Capacitors in series and parallel
Energy stored in a capacitor

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine uses of capacitors; analyse parallel plate capacitors
j.Determine the capacitance of a capacitor
k.Analyse the factors that affect the capacitance of a capacitor
l.Solve problems involving the arrangement of capacitors
m.Determine the energy stored in capacitors

Topic 30: Electric Cells

Types of Cells, Batteries and Efficiency

Topics / Contents

Simple voltaic cell and its defects; Daniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry)
Lead-acid accumulator; Nickel-Iron (Nife), Lithium-iron and Mercury-cadmium cells
Maintenance of cells and batteries
Arrangement of cells; efficiency of a cell

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the defects of the simple voltaic cell and their correction
j.Compare different types of cells including solar cell
k.Compare the advantages of lead-acid and Nickel-iron accumulator
l.Solve problems involving series and parallel combination of cells

Topic 31: Current Electricity

EMF, Ohm's Law, Resistance and Potentiometer

Topics / Contents

EMF, potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost volt
Ohm's law; measurement of resistance; metre bridge
Resistance in series and in parallel and their combinations
The potentiometer method of measuring EMF, current and internal resistance
Electrical networks (Kirchhoff's laws)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between EMF, p.d., current and internal resistance of a cell
j.Apply Ohm's law to solve problems; use metre bridge to calculate resistance
k.Compute effective total resistance in both parallel and series arrangements of resistors
l.Determine the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor
m.Measure EMF, current and internal resistance using the potentiometer; identify its advantages
n.Apply Kirchhoff's law in electrical networks

Topic 32: Electrical Energy and Power

Electrical Power, Transmission, Heating Effects and Wiring

Topics / Contents

Concepts of electrical energy and power; commercial units
Electric power transmission
Heating effects of electric current
Electrical wiring of houses; use of fuses

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Apply the expressions of electrical energy and power to solve problems
j.Analyse how power is transmitted from the power station to the consumer
k.Identify the heating effects of current and its uses
l.Identify the advantages of parallel arrangement over series
m.Determine the fuse rating

Topic 33: Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Magnets, Magnetic Fields and Earth's Magnetism

Topics / Contents

Natural and artificial magnets; magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
Methods of making and demagnetizing magnets
Concept of magnetic field; magnetic field of a permanent magnet
Magnetic field round a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid
Properties of the earth's magnetic field: north and south poles, magnetic meridian, angle of dip and declination
Flux and flux density; variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth's surface
Applications: earth's magnetic field in navigation and mineral exploration

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Give examples of natural and artificial magnets; differentiate between magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
j.Identify the various methods of making and demagnetizing magnets; describe how to keep a magnet from losing its magnetism
k.Determine the flux pattern when two magnets are placed together pole to pole
l.Determine the flux of a current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid including the polarity of the solenoid
m.Determine the flux pattern of a magnet placed in the earth's magnetic field
n.Identify the magnetic elements of the earth's flux; determine the variation of earth's magnetic field
o.Examine the applications of the earth's magnetic field

Topic 34: Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Magnetic Force, DC Motor, Galvanometer and Instruments

Topics / Contents

Quantitative treatment of force between two parallel current-carrying conductors
Force on a charge moving in a magnetic field
The DC motor; electromagnets; carbon microphone
Moving coil and moving iron instruments
Conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeters using shunts and multipliers
Sensitivity of a galvanometer

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Determine the direction of force on a current carrying conductor using Fleming's left-hand rule
j.Interpret the attractive and repulsive forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors
k.Determine the relationship between force, magnetic field strength, velocity and the angle through which the charge enters the field
l.Interpret the working of the DC motor; analyse the principle of electromagnets and give examples
m.Compare moving iron and moving coil instruments
n.Convert a galvanometer into an ammeter or a voltmeter
o.Identify the factors affecting the sensitivity of a galvanometer

Topic 35: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Laws, Generators, Transformers and Inductance

Topics / Contents

Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction; factors affecting induced EMF
Lenz's law as an illustration of the principle of conservation of energy
AC and DC generators; transformers; the induction coil
Inductance: explanation, unit, energy stored in an inductor (E = ½I²L), applications
Eddy current: reduction and applications

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Interpret the laws of electromagnetic induction; identify factors affecting induced EMF
j.Recognize how Lenz's law illustrates the principle of conservation of energy
k.Interpret the diagrammatic set-up of AC generators; identify types of transformers and their principles
l.Assess the functions of an induction coil
m.Interpret the inductance of an inductor; recognize units of inductance
n.Calculate the effective total inductance in series and parallel arrangement
o.Deduce the expression for the energy stored in an inductor; examine applications of inductors
p.Describe methods by which eddy current losses can be reduced; determine ways eddy currents can be used

Topic 36: Simple AC Circuits

AC Voltage, Reactance, Impedance and Resonance

Topics / Contents

AC current and voltage; peak and r.m.s. values
AC source connected to a resistor, capacitor (capacitive reactance), inductor (inductive reactance)
Series R-L-C circuits; vector diagram, phase angle and power factor
Resistance and impedance; effective voltage in an R-L-C circuit
Resonance and resonance frequency (F₀ = 1/2π√LC)

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify AC current and DC voltage; differentiate between peak and r.m.s. values
j.Determine the phase difference between current and voltage
k.Interpret series R-L-C circuits; analyse vector diagrams
l.Calculate the effective voltage, reactance and impedance
m.Recognize the condition by which the circuit is at resonance; determine the resonant frequency
n.Determine the instantaneous power, average power and the power factor in AC circuits

Topic 37: Conduction of Electricity Through Liquids and Gases

Electrolysis and Conduction Through Gases

Topics / Contents

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; concept of electrolysis
Faraday's laws of electrolysis; applications (electroplating, calibration of ammeter)
Discharge through gases (qualitative treatment only)
Applications of conduction of electricity through gases

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
j.Analyse the processes of electrolysis; apply Faraday's laws of electrolysis to solve problems
k.Analyse discharge through gases
l.Determine some applications/uses of conduction of electricity through gases

Topic 38: Elementary Modern Physics

Atomic Models, Photoelectric Effect, Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

Topics / Contents

Models of the atom and their limitations; elementary structure of the atom
Energy levels and spectra
Thermionic and photoelectric emissions; Einstein's equation and stopping potential
Applications of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects
Simple method of production of X-rays
Properties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rays
Half-life and decay constant
Simple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fission
Binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation (ΔE = ΔMC²)
Wave-particle paradox (duality of matter); electron diffraction; the uncertainty principle

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Identify the models of the atom and write their limitations; describe elementary structure of the atom
j.Differentiate between the energy levels and spectra of atoms
k.Compare thermionic emission and photoelectric emission; apply Einstein's equation to solve problems
l.Calculate the stopping potential; relate applications of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects
m.Interpret the process involved in the production of X-rays; identify some properties and applications of X-rays
n.Analyse elementary radioactivity; distinguish between stable and unstable nuclei; identify isotopes
o.Compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays
p.Relate half-life and decay constant of a radioactive element
q.Determine the binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation
r.Analyse wave-particle duality; solve numerical problems based on the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality

Topic 39: Introductory Electronics

Semiconductors, Diodes and Transistors

Topics / Contents

Distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary knowledge of band gap required)
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
n-type and p-type semiconductors
Elementary knowledge of diodes and transistors
Uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification; transistors in amplification

Objectives — Candidates should be able to:

i.Differentiate between conductors, semiconductors and insulators
j.Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
k.Distinguish between electron and hole carriers
l.Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors
m.Analyse diodes and transistors; relate diodes to rectification and transistors to amplification